Types of vacuum generators and key differences
Vacuum generators can be classified into three main categories: according to the number of vacuum stages, the physical operating principle, or the mounting configuration.
In addition, SMC offers “all-in-one” vacuum generators that integrate the generator with the vacuum control valve and blow-off valve. These units can also incorporate additional components such as vacuum switches and filters, making them particularly suitable for robotic applications.
Vacuum generators by number of stages: single and multiple
A distinction can be made between single-stage and multi-stage vacuum generators:
- Single-stage vacuum generators produce vacuum in a single stage.
- Multi-stage vacuum generators achieve higher vacuum levels at lower supply pressures compared with single-stage units, making them more energy efficient.
Venturi vacuum ejectors
Vacuum generators based on the Venturi principle operate in accordance with Bernoulli’s law. When compressed air passes through a constricted nozzle, its velocity increases while the static pressure decreases. This pressure drop creates a low-pressure zone that draws in the surrounding air, thereby generating suction.
Venturi vacuum generators are suitable for the majority of industrial applications thanks to their simple design, reliability and versatility. However, for more specialised tasks — such as handling delicate, fragile or porous components — alternative vacuum technologies, including non-contact gripping systems, may provide a more appropriate solution.
Vacuum generators by mounting type: single and manifold-mounted
Vacuum generators are available in individual or manifold-mounted configurations.
- Individual vacuum generators are ideal where only a single unit is required.
- Manifold-mounted vacuum generators are recommended where multiple units need to be grouped and centrally activated via industrial communication systems, such as fieldbus networks.
SMC also offers hybrid systems that integrate vacuum generators and valves into combined manifold assemblies. These simplify the control of applications involving both positive and negative pressure, helping to streamline machine design.
Such manifolds enable flexible remote vacuum control via multiple industrial communication protocols, including IO-Link.
Applications of vacuum generators
Vacuum generators are highly versatile and suitable for a wide range of applications, including:
- Installations with low vacuum flow requirements
- Occasional use of one or more suction cups in handling operations
- Environments where no central vacuum installation is available
What benefits do vacuum generators offer compared with other vacuum generation systems?
Industrial vacuum generators offer several advantages, including:
- Maintenance-free operation and greater installation flexibility compared with other systems, as they contain no rotating components.
- They can be installed in any position and at any point within the application.
- They provide a fast response time and rapid vacuum build-up.
- Compact and lightweight design.
- No heat generation during operation.
- Integrated energy-saving functions.
- Additional built-in features to facilitate monitoring and control.
How to select a vacuum generator?
To select the most suitable vacuum generator, several factors must be considered.
Firstly, the shape and dimensions of the nozzle and diffuser are critical, as they determine the maximum suction flow rate and the achievable vacuum pressure.
- A smaller nozzle diameter achieves higher vacuum levels but lower flow rates.
- A larger nozzle diameter provides higher flow rates but lower maximum vacuum levels.
When sizing a vacuum generator, it is essential to consider:
- The required suction flow rate
- The target final vacuum level
The response time achieved in the application will depend on both the suction flow rate and the pipe cross-section.
When determining the appropriate suction flow, it is important to account for potential leakage at the workpiece. Leakage will vary depending on geometry, surface condition and porosity, among other factors.
For systems prone to leakage, SMC recommends operating at lower vacuum pressures and selecting vacuum generators with high suction capacity in order to compensate effectively for system losses.